This flyer describes the XplorIR's new identification with simultaneous quantification capability. The XplorIR can identify over 5,600 gases/vapors with extreme selectivity within seconds. With the new quantification package, the XplorIR can now quantify nearly 5,000 gases/vapors at parts-per-million (ppm) levels. This is done without any calibration required.
XplorIR Quantification Package
Simultaneously Identify and Quantify Hazardous Gases and Vapors
It’s one thing to know if a hazardous gas or vapor is present at an incident, and another to know what the product is. But what if you could also know how much of the hazard exists in the atmosphere? That requires quantification, and the XplorIR® now provides this critical piece of information.
The XplorIR, based on Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, can identify over 5,600 gases/vapors with extreme selectivity within seconds. With the new quantification package, the XplorIR can now quantify nearly 5,000 gases/vapors at parts-per-million (ppm) levels. This is done without any calibration required.
FTIR measurements are inherently quantitative, and the spectral response is linear with respect to product concentration. Using a reference library based on known chemical concentrations, the XplorIR can determine the ppm of a product captured within its 2-meter gas cell and report that concentration along with the product identity.
Once the concentration is known, it can easily be compared to the Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (ILDH) level of the product within the XplorIR software. This allows you to make rapid tactical decisions about remediation and decon with just a few button clicks.
Going further, the XplorIR uses a proprietary, automated process which combines molecular functional groups with measured spectra to estimate quantitative data for nearly all library entries. This extends the quantitative capabilities from a few hundred compounds to several thousand. With its ability to identify and quantify up to 6 mixture components at one time, the XplorIR is a game-changer for chemical response scenarios such as clandestine labs and other situations involving complex gas and vapor environments.
Key Attributes
The only handheld device for rapid trace detection and identification of pesticides at nanogram levels, in the field
Trace capability allows for exterior packaging sampling, reducing exposure risk
Provides actionable data at the point of need with results in less than a minute
Identify numerous pesticides by name to guide clean up efforts and keep personnel on site safe
Developed in partnership with the United States Forest Service (USFS)
Traditional first-entry meters only detect the presence of gases downrange, without accurately identifying their specific chemical compounds. During an explosion at a clandestine meth lab, learn how the XplorIR provides positive gas identification of over 5600 chemicals, even in complex gas mixtures.
It is 2:00 A.M. and your agency has just been dispatched to an explosion at a home in a heavily populated residential area
Once the resulting flames have been extinguished, your recon team performs an initial site assessment. While LEL readings are relatively low, CO and PID readings are extremely high. Neighbors complain of acrid odors and difficulty breathing. It seems you have just stepped into a clandestine meth lab, and you need answers… FAST!
Such incidents are far too common for first responders and mitigating them requires actionable intelligence on the myriad toxic gases and vapors filling the atmosphere. While multi-gas meters and PIDs play a critical role in these scenarios, such first entry devices don’t provide the gas and vapor identification capability required to tell the whole story. That’s where the XplorIR® comes in.
The hand-held XplorIR gas and vapor system can identify over 5,600 chemical products in seconds downrange
And with its sophisticated atmospheric compensation and mixture analysis algorithms, the XplorIR can report up to 6 compounds within the dirtiest of environments with minimal operator interaction. And when expert help is needed in the middle of the night, reach back scientists are on call to review the XplorIR data you upload to the cloud using the TeamLeader app on your smartphone.
Hazardous Chemicals
Chemical Warfare Agents
TICs
Nerve Agents
TOMs
Blister Agents
VOCs
Choking Agents
And many more toxic products
Whether a complex toxic gas release is nefarious or unintentional, the next time your agency is called to secure public and environmental safety, be prepared with the XplorIR. It will definitely save time, and it just might save lives.
[post_title] => XplorIR: Gas Identification for Rapid Response
[post_excerpt] => Learn how the XplorIR provides positive gas identification during an explosion at a clandestine meth lab.
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With ongoing focus on the opioid crisis, synthetic opioids such a fentanyl have garnered much attention in the public eye. One emerging class of synthetic opioids, known as nitazenes, are increasing in appearance in the illicit drug market. Nitazenes can be up to 40 times more toxic than fentanyl and are often found in low concentrations mixed with substances or disguised as prescription pills.
While many bulk chemical detectors may have various nitazenes in their library, they are unlikely to identify these synthetic opioids in the field due to the low concentrations. The capability to identify these powerful synthetic opioids at trace levels (invisible to the eye/nanogram level) is more important than ever before to further investigations while keeping officers safe.
Identification of mixed street drugs such as heroin, cocaine, meth, fentanyl, and nitazenes
Sampling of exterior packaging limits exposure risk to officers
No sample preparation, results in less than 60 seconds
Reachback services for data analysis by 908 Devices Forensic Chemists
“This tool (MX908) not only enhances the safety for our deputies but also significantly decreases the time between seizing a substance and confirming its identity. Our ability to act swiftly means a safer community and more efficient use of our resources.”
The ProtectIR utilizes a sophisticated search algorithm to deliver the most accurate identification of solid and liquid hazards. Designed to provide the highest probability of detection for mixed samples, the algorithm operates through a structured series of analytical layers, progressively refining potential identifications by evaluating spectral similarity, uniqueness, and overall consistency. Each layer enhances and validates the precision of the results, filtering out false positives and ensuring reliable identification, even for complex mixtures containing four or more components.
Enhanced Accuracy & Reliability with the New ProtectIR Search
The ProtectIR utilizes a sophisticated search algorithm to deliver the most accurate identification of solid and liquid hazards. Designed to provide the highest probability of detection for mixed samples, the algorithm operates through a structured series of analytical layers, progressively refining potential identifications by evaluating spectral similarity, uniqueness, and overall consistency. Each layer enhances and validates the precision of the results, filtering out false positives and ensuring reliable identification, even for complex mixtures containing four or more components.
A recent independent study highlighted the significant advancements of the ProtectIR algorithm over previous methods including legacy FTIR devices, demonstrating major improvements in accuracy, reliability, and the ability to identify complex mixtures with greater confidence.
Mixture Analysis Data Review
An independent study evaluated the performance of two devices:
ProtectIR with the new Condensed Phase Mixture Analysis
A legacy FTIR device from a separate manufacturer
Data sets were created to be as similar as possible in compound selection and mixture concentrations. However, the samples are not identical. Solid mixtures introduce inherent error due to mixing and sampling challenges with FTIR. Since this error affects both data sets equally, it does not impact comparisons. In Table 1, 143 similar mixtures were used from each data set to compare results.
TABLE 1: PROTECTIR AND LEGACY FTIR HEAD-TO-HEAD COMPARISON
Legacy FTIR
ProtectIR (New Condensed Phase Mixture Analysis)
% Improvement
# of Components Tested
259
268
-
True Positive Rate
61.39%
87.31%
42.2%
False Positive Rate
6.18%
4.27%
30.9%
False Negative Rate
37.84%
14.53%
61.6%
% Success Rate One Component
91.61
97.20
6.1%
% Success Rate Two Component
25.71
76.57
197.8%
% Success Rate Three Component
9.09
58.82
547.1%
The new Condensed Phase Mixture Analysis has enabled ProtectIR to see improvements in all measurable aspects of mixture analysis including, true positive and false positive rates, and success rates of single or multi-component mixtures. The ability to maintain a balance of high true positive rates and low error rates makes this combination the optimal choice for high-accuracy applications.
Mixture Results
When users analyze mixtures on the ProtectIR they will now see a detailed breakdown of complex samples. Confidence ratings from 2 to 5 stars for each identified component offer a more precise interpretation of results and allow the user to understand the reliability of each identification. While other methods should always be used for confirmation in accordance with standard operating procedures, this range of confidence levels provides a clear and intuitive way to assess how strongly each mixture component is identified.
The increasing size of the illegal marijuana market has given rise to an increasing number of trespass cannabis cultivation throughout the world. The heavy use of toxic pesticides by these illegal growers has had significant impact on the environment and wildlife. Many of these pesticides are so toxic, they are heavily restricted or even completely banned by many governments. In addition to the threat these pesticides pose to the environment, they also pose a great threat to responding law enforcement and agencies tasked with dismantling these operations.
With the addition of the pesticide capabilities, the MX908 provides critical identification of toxic pesticides in the field, allowing users to act immediately, while keeping themselves safe. Whether it be on site at an illegal marijuana grow, or at the border identifying smuggled pesticides, the MX908 provides accurate identification of pesticides at trace levels, in a handheld device, for the first time ever.
MX908 Advantages
The only handheld device for rapid trace detection and identification of pesticides at nanogram levels, in the field
Trace capability allows for exterior packaging sampling, reducing exposure risk
Provides actionable data at the point of need with results in less than a minute
Identify numerous pesticides by name to guide clean up efforts and keep personnel on site safe
Developed in partnership with the United States Forest Service (USFS)
Pesticide Targets
Aldicarb
Diazinon
Carbaryl
Imidacloprid
Carbofuran
Malathion
Chlorpyrifos
Methamidophos
A single drop of Carbofuran is enough to kill an adult human. Here a ~1 liter bottle is found at a trespass grow site.
Identifying containers and crop sprayers that have pesticides present reduce the cost of clean up and keep responders safe.
[post_title] => Identify Pesticides at Illegal Marijuana Grows
[post_excerpt] => With the addition of the pesticide capabilities, the MX908 provides critical identification of toxic pesticides in the field, allowing users to act immediately, while keeping themselves safe.
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History of CWA Development & Use
The Evolution of CBRN Threats
Chemical warfare agents have evolved greatly over the last 100 years. Choking and blistering agents were the first to be developed and used broadly in combat. More recently, the development of 3rd and 4th generation agents as well as the use of Pharmaceutical-Based Agents have widely replaced them as the weapons of choice in modern conflict.
Modern Threat Detection
The Evolution of CBRN Technology
As CWAs evolved, detection technologies have evolved with them. Enabling warfighters to detect and identify evolving threats with greater accuracy, closer to the front lines.
Choosing a CWA detector that provides broad coverage of likely threats is critical for success. The MX908 is able to detect and identify 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Generation agents, as well as emerging Pharmaceutical Based Agents, and more. The MX908 provides operators with a tool that can change with emerging threats and evolve to meet future needs.
[post_title] => CBRN History Overview
[post_excerpt] => Chemical warfare agents have evolved greatly over the last 100 years, download this timeline flyer to learn more.
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Third-generation chemical warfare (CW) agents (binary G series and VX) were developed for their lethality, stability, and ease of weaponization. These have been the focus of CBRNE detection and protective equipment by US and NATO forces, which are well trained and equipped to counter these traditional CW agents.
Unfortunately, chemical warfare agents have continued to evolve. Russian developed fourth generation agents represent the latest evolution in the CW landscape. These A-Series Agents, also known as Novichoks, were employed in 2018 in Salisbury, UK in the attempted assassination of the Skripals, and, most recently, in 2020 in an assassination attempt of Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny. Current global conflicts have increased the concern over use of chemical warfare agents.
Responding to A-Series CW Agents
A-Series agents, potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitors with signs and symptoms similar to traditional G- and V-Series nerve agents, were designed with specific knowledge of existing NATO detection and protective equipment, and ultimately, the goal of countering those detection and protection methods. They tend to be oily liquids which produce little to no vapors. They pose significant cross-contamination and exposure risks due to a combination of high potency and environmental persistence, and consequently a small release can rapidly become a large-area hazard. Due to their increased potency they often require higher antidote doses and can create additional vapor hazards when improperly decontaminated.
Traditional CBRNE detection equipment was designed to detect vapors which are characteristic of G-series and even VX agents, and have not yet evolved to detect or identify A-Series agents. This capability gap poses significant challenges to essential CBRNE tasks such as detection, determining limits of contamination, establishing control zones, selecting decontamination solutions, and verifying decontamination procedures to regenerate combat power in contaminated environments. The US Department of Health and Human Services issued emergency response guidelines for these agents in 2019, where they noted that, “There is a limited fielded capability within hazardous materials teams to detect, characterize, and identify FGAs.” These limitations are also true for traditional military forces.
Responding Pharmaceutical Based Agents
Synthetic opioids such as fentanyl pose a similar risk to nerve agents with their potency and potential lethality. These are often referred to as pharmaceutical based agents (PBAs). While not unique to Russia, these agents were first deliberately weaponized during the Moscow theater crisis where more than 100 people died from respiratory arrest after a PBA mixture was disseminated in aerosol form. Synthetic opioids are readily available through global illicit supply chains and are also synthesized by state actors. There are hundreds to thousands of potential PBA options, none of which are detected by traditional CBRNE detection technology during an aerosol dispersal event.
Aerosols are a fine suspension of liquids or solids in the air. They behave like gases yet are unable to be detected, much less identified, by fielded vapor detectors. This makes aerosolization an incredibly effective deployment method for CWAs and PBAs.
Detection Technology that can Detect and Identify A-Series Agents and PBAs
The MX908 handheld mass spectrometer is the only device able to detect and identify both A-Series Agents and PBAs at trace levels in solid, liquid, vapor, and aerosol forms. Easy to swap sampling modules enable the device to quickly switch from one sample type to another.
As a result, FGA and PBA hazards can now be detected on surfaces and in the air in under 60 seconds regardless of their mode of dissemination. Extensive third-party testing has shown detection efficiencies at or below the toxicologically relevant levels of most agents with a false negative rate of .6% when challenged with A-Series agents of varying purities on operationally relevant surfaces. Advanced software using predictive analytics further expands the detection capability of PBAs by increasing the effective library size to thousands of synthetic opioids.
The MX908 detects and identifies a broad range of priority drugs at trace levels in seconds.
The MX908 has the capability to detect and identify both A-Series Agents and PBAs in solid, liquid, vapor, and aerosol forms
[post_title] => Operational Impact of Fourth Generation Agents and Pharmaceutical Based Agents
[post_excerpt] => The MX908 handheld mass spectrometer is the only device able to detect and identify both A-Series Agents and PBAs at trace levels in solid, liquid, vapor, and aerosol forms.
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Real-Time Threats Real-Time Detection
MX908
MX908 is a multi-mission, handheld mass spectrometer utilized by elite responders conducting chemical, explosive, priority drug, and hazmat operations around the world.
MX908: A CRITICAL TOOL IN THE RESPONDER TOOLKIT
MX908® detects compounds at trace levels and combines unparalleled sensitivity and selectivity, providing users with confident results and actionable intelligence other handheld technologies cannot. The power of high-pressure mass spectrometry™ (HPMS) accurately discriminates priority threats from the broad range of interferents that lead to false alarms with other commonly used technologies.
DETECT AND IDENTIFY CHEMICALS IN ANY PHASE
With the MX908, one device can analyze any sample you encounter regardless of size or phase of matter. This flexibility combined with the MX908 expanding target list ensures that responders have a device that can evolve with new and emerging threats.
MULTI-MODE THREAT DETECTION
MX908 EXCELS WITH SAMPLES ACROSS THE LANDSCAPE
MX908 EXCELS WITH A BROAD RANGE OF SAMPLES AND CONCENTRATIONS
The MX908 is powered by high-pressure mass spectrometry (HPMS) technology, which enables responders to detect and identify chemical hazards from bulk to true trace concentrations. MX908 is up to 1 million times more sensitive than commonly used Raman and FT-IR technologies. Depend on high-fidelity trace and bulk identification, for point detection or remote area monitoring, all with one device
YOUR MISSION DEFINES YOUR MODE
Based on your specific mission objectives, choose an MX908 Mission Mode that leverages specialized software and hardware configurations to optimize performance for hunting certain chemical classes.
DRUG HUNTER
Methamphetamine
Cocaine
Fentanyl and 2000+ Fentanyl Analogs
Heroin
Cannabinoids
Cathinones
And More…
Identify narcotics in low concentration mixtures (well below 5%)
Establish trace chemical evidence linkages for interdiction, checkpoint operations, and more
Improve officer safety with limited exposure risk
Fentanyl Classifier provides coverage for 2000+ fentanyl analogs
Add case information with the MX908 remote application
CW HUNTER
Novichoks or A-series Agents
Legacy Warfare Agents (G, V, and H-series)
Pharmaceutical Based Agents (including fentanyl, carfentanil, and remifentanil)
Only field deployable detector for trace identification of Novichoks
Only field deployable detector for identification of aerosolized threats
Quantify chemical warfare agents in real time
Identifying Novichoks and other CWAs by name is essential for decontamination and medical response
Allow for broad threat coverage in any state with a single device
Remote area monitoring with MX908 Beacon
EXPLOSIVE HUNTER
Homemade Explosives
Military Explosives
Commercial Explosives
Precursors
Identify trace explosive residues
Identify explosives by name to guide response
Analyze samples safely with no threat of igniting sensitive materials
Identify aerosolized chemical threats dispersed from IEDs and other munitions
Establish trace chemical evidence linkages for checkpoint operations, HME lab response, and more
[post_title] => MX908 Brochure
[post_excerpt] => Download the MX908 brochure to learn about this portable mass spectrometer for real-time detection of explosives, narcotics, and chemical warfare agents.
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MX908
Detect and identify Novichoks
Chemical Warfare Agents (CWAs) continue to evolve from Chlorine gas in World War I to G-series agents in the 1930s and novel agents used in the UK in 2018. Technology must evolve with these threats to ensure responders can quickly and safely act to protect the public. MX908 has expanded its CW Hunter Mode to include A-series agents, also known as Fourth Generation Agents (FGAs) or Novichoks.
Developed to avoid existing detection technologies, Novichok agents are more persistent than other nerve agents and at least as toxic as VX; some estimate as high as 8 times as toxic. There is a significant risk of cross contamination, so secondary exposures can be just as deadly and difficult to identify. Potential delayed onset of symptoms makes early detection even more critical to minimize casualties, limit the spread of contamination, and conduct appropriate decontamination.
MX908 ADVANTAGES
The only field-deployable tool for rapid trace detection and identification of A-230, A-232 and A-234 at low nanogram levels
Includes a wide range of other CWAs including GA, GB, GD, GF, HD, VX and additional V-series agents (VE, VM, VLX, VS, RVX/CVX and VX acid)
Results in 60 seconds to expedite response and increase public and responder safety
Independently tested by MRI Global; results available on request
CW HUNTER MODE:
NOVICHOKS
For more information: Fourth Generation Agents: Reference Guide, January 2019 This new fourth generation agent guidance from CHEMM makes clear the need for trace detection tools that are adaptable, reliable and ready. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/AD1066891
Source: Chemical Hazards Emergency Medical Management (CHEMM), U.S. Department of Health and Human Service
Expanded Capability for Toxic Aerosol Detection and Identification
The MX908® Aero enables operators to detect and identify aerosolized threats—such as Chemical Warfare Agents (CWAs) and Pharmaceutical-based Agents (PBAs) —which represent a critical gap in existing trace chemical detection solutions.
An aerosol is a suspension of fine solid or liquid particles which maintain the physical properties of their solid or liquid state but behave like a vapor. This combination of physical state and vapor-like behavior make traditional vapor detectors ineffective against aerosol threats. The Aero leverages proven MX908 sampling technologies and analysis mechanics to address this unique threat.
MX908 ADVANTAGES
The only field-deployable tool available now for rapid trace detection and identification of aerosol threats.
Simultaneous monitoring, detection, and identification of both vapor and aerosol threats.
Flexible sampling modules for easy transition from trace solid and liquid sampling to vapor and aerosol sampling.
Optional accessory can be quickly deployed to fielded units or be purchased with new MX908 devices.
Target Group
Targets
A-series agents (Novichoks)
A-230, A-232, A-234
V-series agents
VE, VM, VS, VX, VX Acid RVX/CVX
G-series agents
GA, GB, GD, GF
Blister agents
HD
Fast-acting incapacitating agents
Fentanyl and analogs (2000+), U-series, AH-7921
Lachrymatory agents
Capsaicin
AERO
The MX908 Aero can detect aerosol particulates dispersed from an explosive device.
An operator using the MX908 can conduct post-blast analysis on-site with the Aero.
MX908 with Drug Hunter Mode future-proofs the device against the ever-changing fentanyl landscape. Novel predictive classification algorithms enable alerts in minutes to previously undetectable threats, setting the MX908 apart from library-based tools.
MX908 ADVANTAGES
Identification of most drugs of abuse
Detection of 2,000+ novel fentanyl analogs
No library updates required
Detection of trace fentanyls within bulk cutting agents (street cut drugs)
Immunity to benign cutting agents such as lactose
Simultaneous identification of mixed street drugs such as heroin, cocaine or methamphetamine with trace fentanyls
Exterior package sampling limits exposure risk
Results in 60 seconds to expedite mitigation or prosecution
No sample prep required for heroin
Electronic records preserve data integrity
“We have been using the MX908 for the past few months and it has already proven to be a tremendous asset in the field for maintaining Officer safety while being able to detect trace elements of multiple drugs in as short as 20-30 seconds.”
Patrick Glynn, Lieutenant Det., Commander, Quincy, MA PD
DRUG HUNTER MODE:
FENTANYL
Minimize exposure risk with exterior package sampling.
MX908’s predictive classification algorithms can recognize the molecular structure of more than 2000 previously undetectable fentanyl analogs.
This flyer describes the XplorIR's new identification with simultaneous quantification capability. The XplorIR can identify over 5,600 gases/vapors with extreme selectivity within seconds. With the new quantification package, the XplorIR can now quantify nearly 5,000 gases/vapors at parts-per-million (ppm) levels. This is done without any calibration required.
XplorIR Quantification Package
Simultaneously Identify and Quantify Hazardous Gases and Vapors
It’s one thing to know if a hazardous gas or vapor is present at an incident, and another to know what the product is. But what if you could also know how much of the hazard exists in the atmosphere? That requires quantification, and the XplorIR® now provides this critical piece of information.
The XplorIR, based on Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, can identify over 5,600 gases/vapors with extreme selectivity within seconds. With the new quantification package, the XplorIR can now quantify nearly 5,000 gases/vapors at parts-per-million (ppm) levels. This is done without any calibration required.
FTIR measurements are inherently quantitative, and the spectral response is linear with respect to product concentration. Using a reference library based on known chemical concentrations, the XplorIR can determine the ppm of a product captured within its 2-meter gas cell and report that concentration along with the product identity.
Once the concentration is known, it can easily be compared to the Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (ILDH) level of the product within the XplorIR software. This allows you to make rapid tactical decisions about remediation and decon with just a few button clicks.
Going further, the XplorIR uses a proprietary, automated process which combines molecular functional groups with measured spectra to estimate quantitative data for nearly all library entries. This extends the quantitative capabilities from a few hundred compounds to several thousand. With its ability to identify and quantify up to 6 mixture components at one time, the XplorIR is a game-changer for chemical response scenarios such as clandestine labs and other situations involving complex gas and vapor environments.
Key Attributes
The only handheld device for rapid trace detection and identification of pesticides at nanogram levels, in the field
Trace capability allows for exterior packaging sampling, reducing exposure risk
Provides actionable data at the point of need with results in less than a minute
Identify numerous pesticides by name to guide clean up efforts and keep personnel on site safe
Developed in partnership with the United States Forest Service (USFS)
Lithium-ion batteries are prevalent in our society and used in everything from electric vehicles to personal devices. Disposal of used batteries represents a challenge, as even old or partially charged devices present deflagration hazards if exposed to heat, puncture, or other forms of perturbation. A method for decommissioning Li-ion batteries is to immerse them in a brine solution, which ostensibly de-energizes the electrical cells such that the batteries can be transported and discarded safely. However, this process is not trivial for remediation personnel as it results in the liberation of numerous gases that are highly toxic and flammable. As such, having a means to detect and identify these gases and to determine when they are no longer present is crucial to the decommissioning process.
In a recent case study, an agency was contracted to decommission numerous types of batteries including Li-ion cells and other electrical components that had been damaged in a large- scale fire event. The agency planned to deploy the brine solution method but was also interested in testing its efficacy and learning what gaseous components may be generated. Batteries were soaked in 55-gallon drums and smaller containers, and gaseous samples were extracted from headspaces using Tedlar bags. Initial air monitoring of the headspaces yielded some interesting and unexpected results, which prompted the need for additional gas identification.
The agency’s approach was to use ThreatID™, a portable analyzer for identifying powders, liquids, gas, vapors, and complex mixtures based on Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) technology.
The remnants of an exploded li-ion battery. Source: PETER PEREIRA/The Standard-Times
The ThreatID can identify over 27,600 hazardous chemicals, including over 5,600 gases at low parts-per-million (ppm) levels, in less than 1 minute. A certified instructor was on-site for the endeavor to conduct the measurements and report results back to technical experts. From the headspace sampling, the ThreatID primarily identified methane and ammonia.
Reachback personnel confirmed the results and even identified some very minute components through detailed spectral data review. These additional materials included acetylene, formaldehyde, ethene, and even some unidentifiable substances. The ThreatID gas-phase results were confirmed on-site using colorimetric tubes which detected methane, ammonia, and formaldehyde.
Interestingly, the presence of ammonia and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was not expected based on initial supposition and readings from basic air monitors. Headspace analyses showed that even after the batteries were deemed “safe,” toxic and flammable materials continued to off-gas. The study proved that after a fire or other disastrous event when batteries are inactive, they may still pose significant hazards and must be properly monitored. By rapidly identifying the liberating gases and using secondary technologies to confirm them, the correct hazard associations can be made and greatly accelerate the time scale of future decommissioning projects.
This event was a success by demonstrating that the brine solution method must be further optimized to fully decommission Li-ion and other battery types to render them safe for transport and disposal. Without FTIR gas identification, the clean-up effort would have been plagued with uncertainties and require significantly more time to properly remediate the lurking potential hazards.
Reachback Spectral Interpretation for sample CNB018a, matching Methane.
Hundreds of ThreatIDs have been deployed by the U.S. Postal Inspection Service for their Dangerous Mail Program. Learn why USPIS chose the ThreatID for advanced screening and detection; distinguishing it from other FTIR technologies.
Ever since anthrax spores were mailed to high value targets in late 2001 and resulted in five deaths and 17 infections of American citizens1, the United States Postal Inspection Service (USPIS) has been concerned about suspicious substances being sent within envelopes and packages. But the USPIS mission of protecting America’s mail has a long history.
Though the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is the largest U.S. federal law enforcement agency, USPIS is its oldest.1,4 248 years ago, on August 7, 1775, Postmaster General Benjamin Franklin handed a paycheck to the first USPIS Surveyor William Goddard in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.4 The USPIS has been carrying out its critical duties program ever since, most recently under the auspices of the Dangerous Mail Investigation (DMI) program.
Key to this program has been the adoption of advanced screening and detection technologies to expedite the analysis of potential threat materials in mailed containers.5 Such threats can include actual or hoax biological agents, illicit drugs, or numerous other types of suspicious substances. To that end, the USPIS adopted field-portable Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) technology in 2005 owing to its ease of use and desirable form factor. More recently, as part of a technology refresh initiative, the agency updated its chemical identification fleet with the ThreatID™. Currently, 225 ThreatID systems are deployed by the USPIS at strategic locations around the country.
ThreatID is a portable FTIR analyzer which can identify over 27,600 products including common household materials, hazardous chemicals, explosives, drugs, and much more in less than one minute. Measuring a substance is as simple as placing a minute grain of solid or drop of liquid onto the diamond sensor and following the on-screen prompts.
However, these technical features were not the only aspects the USPIS considered when procuring the ThreatID. As important was the unique level of support provided to the agency.
When inspectors are trained, they receive a tailored program which incorporates the ThreatID into their concept of operations (CONOPS). Specifically, the training addresses how FTIR should be used within the context of other technologies employed by the inspectors during threat assessment. These technologies parallel those used in hazardous materials response including pH paper, radiation detectors, multi-gas monitors, and even biological agent screening tests. USPS Publication 52 documentation on Hazardous, Restricted, and Perishable Mail1 was programmed into the ThreatID software for direct on-board access at the system’s result screen. Service is also paramount, 24/7/365 access is provided to its scientists and engineers for device troubleshooting and spectral data review when they are needed most. Furthermore, the Team Leader mobile application, a standard no-cost offering to all our customers, fits nicely with the USPS goal of exploring “cloud capabilities in support of targeting and detection efforts” as part of the DMI initiative.5
The ThreatID is a critical component of the USPIS mail protection mission. As part of a tiered screening approach, the ThreatID has proven to be an effective means of protecting USPIS employees and its customers. The agency responds to approximately 2,500 mail inspection calls per year. Though not all calls require a physical response, the ThreatID provides peace of mind to all who encounter suspicious substances, especially when the threat of legitimate attacks still looms in our unsettled world. As a law enforcement arm of the U.S. government, the USPIS can impose strict penalties onto offenders including fines or prosecution. Having the most advanced technologies in hand, these efforts are conducted with more speed and confidence than ever before. Benjamin Franklin would indeed be proud.
References:
Publication 52 – Hazardous, Restricted, and Perishable Mail Standard, pe.usps.com/text/pub52/index.htm, Accessed November 7, 2023.
www.fbi.gov/history/famous-cases/amerithrax-or-anthraxinvestigation, Accessed November 7, 2023.
www.dhs.gov/dhs-law-enforcement-overview, Accessed November 7, 2023.
www.uspis.gov/about/history-of-uspis, accessed November 7, 2023.
U.S. Postal Service Strategy: Combating Illicit Drugs in the Mail, September 2020 Report, www.uspis.gov/combating-illicit-drugsin-the-mail, Accessed November 7, 2023.SU103_AGHS.pdf, Revision 23 August 2018.
[post_title] => ThreatID Case Study: United States Postal Inspection Service
[post_excerpt] => Learn why USPIS chose the ThreatID for advanced screening and detection, distinguishing it from other FTIR technologies.
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Customs organizations are tasked with protecting the border as well as managing the safety and security of passengers, imports, exports and mail centers. It’s a huge operation for every country. Drug detection and seizures are a large aspect of any customs organization. In fact, the New Zealand Customs Service (NZCS) was responsible for responding to nearly 4,300 drug incidents1 in 2023, seizing more than 3,805 kilograms of cocaine, 2,190 kilograms of methamphetamine and 567.8 kilograms of ecstasy.
When faced with dangerous substances and other challenges in the field, customs officers need quick and accurate information about the substances they are handling. Which is why the NZCS turned to 908 Devices’ MX908 trace detection and identification tool. The MX908 is capable of analyzing solid, liquid, vapor and aerosol threats – from street drugs to chemical spills to explosives
These three examples in particular stand out as exemplary use cases.
Case 1 - Narcotics Identification
Suspected Narcotics Identified with Drug Hunter
Drug traffickers go to huge lengths to conceal their contraband, wrapping substances in seemingly innocuous containers, jamming them into the walls of vehicles and more. While multiple technologies, including X-Ray, are deployed to uncover these hiding spots, they can’t tell officers exactly what the packages contain. It’s imperative to verify the substances inside to ensure officer safety and stop illicit drugs from entering their borders.
In one notable instance, NZCS officers identified goods crossing the border that appeared to be multiple large containers of waterproofing material. However, due to suspicious activity, the items were flagged for secondary inspection. The team needed to confirm the presence of illegal substances while maintaining the safety of officers during the search.
Two officers deployed the MX908, swabbing areas of concern—including the bucket handles—which are the most common areas for trace levels of narcotics to be found. Each analysis returned a positive result for methamphetamine, a Schedule II controlled substance that’s highly addictive. The containers were carefully taken apart and numerous extremely small packages of methamphetamine were removed from the waterproofing material, and thereby confiscated. In the words of the NZCS, “the ability of the MX908 to obtain clear and consistent results further encouraged our officers to locate the previously unseen and undetected illicit drugs
Case 2 - Chemical Detection
Identifying Toxic Industrial Chemicals
A freight carrier close to the airport spilled, and an unknown substance that was suspected to be a noxious chemical prompted a response. The NZCS was called in to investigate, however given the proximity to the airport and possible hazards to officers, extreme caution was needed to collect a physical sample. Time was of the essence, and the freight carrier logs were being combed through, but not nearly fast enough to determine the type of substance and remediation protocol.
NZCS officers arrived onsite equipped with the MX908, utilizing the trace vapor capability. A specialist officer donned personal protective equipment and entered the spill site. The MX908 positively identified the presence of dimethylformamide, a solvent for chemical reactions that can impact the eyes, skin, lungs, liver and heart during prolonged exposure. This positive identification enabled officers to properly secure the spill site and implement remediation efforts. The freighter manifest confirmed dimethylformamide, and the spill was contained. The rapid, trace analysis of the MX908 enabled officers to access this information quickly with a high degree of confidence and expedite clean-up.
Case 3 - Explosives Identification
Analyzing Possible Explosives
Bomb threats are always taken seriously, so when a law enforcement agency was contacted by a concerned individual about an abandoned package at a place of worship, the NZCS was called to identify the package. Given the proximity of the venue to public areas, it was ideal to avoid having to evacuate the area, if possible, in order to mitigate undue stress on the public.
The MX908 was again dispatched, this time utilizing the Explosives Hunter Mission Mode, which detects trace levels of military and commercial grade explosives, homemade explosives and relevant precursors. The item was tested with minimal disruption to the package and site, and returned negative results. This gave the agencies involved comfort in mitigating the perceived risk and the ability to downgrade the cordon. This succinct information and inter-agency coordination also enabled officers to clear the scene and move on to their next duties.
Result
Whether using trace identification features for drug traffickers, deploying vapor capabilities to analyze threats or implementing the explosive functionality to assess risk to the public, the NZCS has seen tremendous benefit from 908 Devices' MX908. This multi-mission handheld tool empowers swift response with confidence, helps protect officers and ensures greater public safety and well-being.
Special thanks to the New Zealand Customs Service for their contribution to this Case Study.
[post_title] => Trace Drug Identification at the Border: 3 Scenarios from the New Zealand Customs Service
[post_excerpt] => Whether using trace identification features for drug traffickers, deploying vapor capabilities to analyze threats or implementing the explosive functionality to assess risk to the public, the New Zealand Customs Service has seen tremendous benefit from 908 Devices' MX908.
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Discover How Chilean Customs Are Outsmarting Drug Traffickers at Airports
Drug traffickers are constantly evolving their smuggling tactics—hiding narcotics in luggage, clothing, even inside the human body. More recently, they’ve started concealing drugs within powders and liquids to evade traditional detection methods. But Chile’s customs authority, Aduanas de Chile, is staying one step ahead. Using the cutting-edge MX908 high-pressure mass spectrometer, their teams are identifying hidden narcotics faster and more accurately than ever before—even when disguised in the most deceptive ways. This case study highlights three separate scenarios to see how the MX908 is helping frontline agents crack down on complex smuggling attempts and keep dangerous substances out of the country.
Drug traffickers use a range of methods to smuggle narcotics through airports, including hiding them in luggage, clothing, and even within the human body. Increasingly, traffickers are concealing drugs within other substances, such as powders and liquids, to evade detection and bypass certain law enforcement technologies.
The MX908 high-pressure mass spectrometer has proven to be a valuable tool in countering these tactics. The following real-world case studies from Aduanas de Chile, the Chilean customs authority, demonstrate how officials are using the MX908 to quickly and accurately identify narcotics at ports of entry.
Case 1 – 28 kilos of Ecstasy in a Painting
During routine inspections, Chilean Metropolitan Regional Customs' K-9 unit flagged a print of a renowned painting of Bernardo O’Higgins, Chile’s "Father of the Nation," for further examination. Shortly thereafter, customs officers employed the MX908 to confirm the presence of MDMA, preventing its illicit transport.
The shipment, originating from Belgium, was subjected to closer scrutiny after trained canine units detected the presence of a suspicious substance. Upon further investigation, customs officers searched the artwork, revealing the concealed narcotics.
The substance was analyzed using the MX908 in Drug Hunter Mode, which verified it as MDMA. Rodrigo Díaz, Regional Director of Metropolitan Customs, underscored the agency’s multi-layered approach to combating drug trafficking.
"Our National Customs Service utilizes a combination of experienced personnel, advanced non-invasive technology, and the exceptional detection capabilities of our K-9 units, which play a vital role not only at the airport but across the country," he stated.1
Case 2 – 4.9kg of Methamphetamine in Animal Figurines
At first glance, an incoming package appeared to contain ordinary gifts sent from Mexico to a residence in Valparaíso, Chile. However, customs officials had previously been alerted to the use of 3D-printed objects as a method for concealing narcotics. Upon opening the package, they found 28 3D-printed animal figures. Suspecting that the objects might be used to smuggle illicit substances, officers utilized the MX908 to analyze the outside of the objects for trace amounts of narcotics.
The MX908 is capable of detecting drug substances at nanogram levels (1 nanogram = 1 billionth of a gram) in under a minute, making it an invaluable tool for customs enforcement. Officers can quickly obtain results, often by simply swabbing the exterior of a package or, as in this case, a 3D-printed object containing hidden drugs.
The MX908 rapidly returned a positive result for methamphetamine, confirming officials’ suspicions. María José Rodríguez, Regional Director of Metropolitan Customs, highlighted the importance of both expertise and technology in drug interdiction:
“In this case, it is the experience of our Drug Department officials that raises red flags on shipments that might otherwise appear harmless. At the same time, the advanced technology at our disposal allows us to quickly and conclusively confirm the presence of illicit substances in shipments entering Chile.”2
Case 3 – 4 Bottles of Liquid Ayahuasca (DMT)
During a routine inspection, Chilean Customs officials identified a traveler from Brazil carrying four bottles of an unidentified brown liquid in their backpack. Suspecting potential contraband, they alerted the drug enforcement unit, which utilized the MX908 to analyze the substance. The MX908 quickly identified the liquid as DMT (dimethyltryptamine), a powerful hallucinogen commonly associated with Ayahuasca.
The MX908 is uniquely capable of identifying chemicals in all phases of matter, including solids, liquids, gases/vapors, and even aerosols. Its advanced detection technology allows it to identify substances at trace levels, even when narcotics are dissolved in liquid. This capability enables law enforcement officers to reliably detect and confirm the presence of illicit drugs with precision and efficiency.
The passenger, along with the seized substances and backpack, were handed over to law enforcement for further investigation. Rodrigo Díaz, Regional Director of Metropolitan Customs, emphasized the effectiveness of swift intervention:
“The inspector immediately identified suspicious elements in the backpack and raised the alert. This allowed us to prevent the passenger from leaving the airport with Ayahuasca (DMT), a prohibited substance due to its severe effects on individuals.”3
Result
These three cases highlight some of the increasingly sophisticated methods used by drug traffickers to smuggle narcotics and the critical role of advanced detection technologies in countering these threats. From concealing MDMA within a framed painting to embedding methamphetamine in 3D-printed figurines and dissolving DMT into a liquid for smuggling, traffickers continue to adapt their tactics to evade detection.
The successful interdiction of these shipments demonstrates the effectiveness of the MX908 high-pressure mass spectrometer in identifying illicit substances quickly and accurately, even in trace amounts. Its ability to analyze substances in any form at trace levels provides customs officials with a powerful tool to combat drug smuggling at ports of entry.
Coupled with the expertise of customs personnel, trained K-9 units, and advanced non-invasive screening methods, the MX908 enhances Chilean Customs' ability to prevent narcotics from entering the country. As traffickers refine their concealment strategies, cutting-edge technology and vigilant enforcement will remain essential in safeguarding borders and disrupting illicit drug networks.
Reference
Patriotic discovery: O'Higgins's body was carrying 28 kilos of ecstasy. https://www.aduana.cl/patriotico-hallazgo-en-cuadro-de-o-higgins-transportaban-28-kilos-de/ aduana/2025-03-07/115346.html. 2025.
Airport prevents entry of methamphetamine in 3D-printed animal figures. https://www.aduana.cl/en-aeropuerto-evitan-ingreso-de-metanfetamina-en-figuras-de-animales/ aduana/2024-03-15/111420.html. 2024.
Customs surprises passenger entering Merino Benítez Airport with more than 5 liters of ayahuasca. https://www.aduana.cl/ aduanas-sorprende-a-pasaiero-ingresando-con-mas-de-5-litros de-ayahuasca/aduana/2024-02-27/082343.html.2024.
On average, the U.S. Postal Service processes and delivers 421.4 million pieces of mail each day. In fiscal year 2023 (October 2022- August 2023), the United States Postal Inspection Service (USPIS) made 5,014 seizures, of drug substances in U.S. mail. That is an average of nearly 14 seizures per day. The most commonly seized substances were:
Substance
Number of Seizures
Quantity of Substance Seized
Cocaine
1,727
5,393 lbs
Meth
1,607
7,189 lbs
Synthetic Opioids (Fentanyl)
1,554
4,038 lbs
Heroin
126
99 lbs
There are many employees and individuals at risk of exposure to these dangerous substances as mail is processed, handled, and delivered. Substances contained within those packages and envelopes are at risk of being dispersed on the surface of packaging materials, mail handling equipment, or in the air. In 2001, this type of threat was brought to light as anthrax attacks within the United States, delivered by ordinary mail, claimed the lives of five individuals. More recently, in November 2023, suspicious letters containing fentanyl were sent to U.S. voting centers and government buildings in six separate states.
Situation
A task force of federal, state, and local officers were investigating individuals and locations suspected of receiving packages containing illicit substances. They began surveillance on a house known to law enforcement to be a drop spot for packages that would later be collected by a neighbor.
After surveillance, officers set up a controlled delivery of the package to the residence. Officers conducted a stop of the vehicle and began to investigate the package. Suspecting the package contained a controlled substance, the officers used a K-9 which did not alert for any substance. This presented a challenge to law enforcement since they did not have a warrant to open the package. Officers had immediate access to optical chemical identification tools but were unable to utilize them since there was no visible material on the package.
Solution
The officers also had access to an MX908 and decided to test the outside of the package for trace residues of controlled substances. Officers swabbed the outside of the packaging focusing on the seals of the package, as these are the most likely areas for residues to collect. The swabs were analyzed using the MX908 Drug Hunter Mission Mode and returned a result of Cocaine. The presence of cocaine on the outside of the package allowed officers to obtain a warrant to open the package. The package was then opened and 2 lunchboxes were recovered, both containing 1 kilogram of cocaine.
Result
In the above scenario, the material inside the package was cocaine, which is not surprising given it was the most seized drug by the USPIS in FY23. However, it could have just as easily been fentanyl. Fentanyl in any form poses a major risk to health and safety due to its highly toxic nature. The average lethal dose of fentanyl and carfentanil are 2 milligrams and 0.02 milligrams respectively. These materials may be easily aerosolized while opening and handling packages or envelopes. In an envelope or package, fentanyl or its analogs could be found in various amounts and may pose a serious threat without being visible. The MX908 can identify fentanyl and its analogs at levels of tens of nanograms or 10,000 times less than the lethal dose of fentanyl and 100 times less than the lethal dose of carfentanil.
In a mail screening operation, this means that a user could quickly and easily determine whether a package or packages contain a dangerous substance by analyzing the air in a controlled processing area or by swabbing the outside of packages. Identification of trace drug substances, whether aerosolized or deposited on the outside of mail and packages, enables users to take appropriate actions and keep employees and first responders safe when handling these materials.
[post_title] => Identifying Dangerous Materials in Mail
[post_excerpt] => Learn what are the commonly seized substances in everyday mail and how our MX908 is utilized as a screening tool to keep employees safe from harmful substance exposures. A simple swab of a package can reveal the contents inside.
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The increasing use of drugs in prisons has become a concerning issue worldwide, posing significant challenges for both correctional facilities and society at large. A primary factor contributing to the rise in drug use within prisons is the ingenuity of inmates and collaborators on the outside. Despite rigorous security measures, contraband substances such as synthetic cannabinoids, cathinones, and opioids find their way into correctional facilities through creative methods like drones or legal mail. The demand for these substances remains high among inmates.
The increasing prevalence of drugs in correctional facilities is well documented:
There has been a 600% increase in inmate deaths in the United States due to drugs or alcohol from 2001- 2018, according to the Bureau of Justice Statistics.1 (See Figure 1)
Contraband demands higher prices in prison than on the street and is a contributing factor to availability in correctional facilities. The profit that can be generated by drug sales in prisons is reported to be up to four times greater than that in the community.2
The most abused drugs in prisons include cocaine, heroin, synthetic cannabinoids, marijuana, and prescription medications obtained illicitly.3
Figure 1. Prison Deaths From Drug/Alcohol Intoxication Have Risen Rapidly. In 2001, there were 35 deaths from drug/alcohol intoxication in state prisons. In 2018, there were 249 — a 611% change from 2001.
Situation
Correctional officers face numerous challenges when attempting to keep illicit substances and contraband out of their facilities. A combination of technologies are used to screen everything from visitors to packages and incoming mail. Mail can be particularly challenging to screen for several reasons. The sheer volume of mail coming into a facility makes searching every piece nearly impossible.
Collaborators on the outside are constantly developing new ways to smuggle contraband to inmates on the inside of these facilities. A tactic growing in popularity for smuggling synthetic cannabinoids and other drugs uses saturated paper. In this tactic, the drug is dissolved in a solvent and a letter, greeting card, or other piece of paper is soaked in the solution. Once the paper is completely saturated, it is allowed to dry, and packaged into an envelope as other normal pieces of mail. These drug saturated papers are often disguised as legal mail, which increases the risk of drug consumption in the prison population as correctional facilities are prohibited from opening and interrogating the contents of legal mail.
After the mail is received by the inmate inside the facility, it is often cut into smaller pieces which can then be consumed sublingually or via smoking. A single, one inch square of K2/Spice paper can be sold within the prison for as much as $400 each. Meaning a single sheet of this saturated paper is worth over $30,000.4
Solution
MX908 Identifying a Synthetic Cannabinoid Imbedded in Paper
At a correctional facility in the United States, officers processing incoming mail observed discoloration in different areas of paper, indicating a substance may have been dissolved into the paper. Officers flagged these pieces of mail on the suspicion of being impregnated with controlled substances and set them aside for further screening. While the officers possessed handheld Raman spectroscopy devices, these optical tools are not adept at identifying drugs imbedded in paper. The officers used trace sampling swabs from their MX908 to directly swab the discolored areas of the paper and envelope. No sample preparation was necessary and officers analyzed the sample using the MX908 Drug Hunter Mission Mode. In less than a minute, the MX908 returned a result for MDMB-4en-PINACA, a synthetic cannabinoid. With this evidence, corrections officers were able to seize the incoming mail and prevent it from entering the facility and subsequently being consumed by inmates.
Results
About MX908 in Correctional Facilities
MX908 leverages high-pressure mass spectrometry to deliver dramatically enhanced sensitivity and broader threat category coverage and has proven to be an exceptionally effective tool for drug detection in correctional facilities. The device's capability to rapidly detect a wide range of narcotics, including synthetic drugs, allows correctional staff to proactively address the evolving landscape of illicit substances by identifying drugs at very low, nanogram levels on difficult samples, such as drugs imbedded in paper.
By enhancing security measures and reducing the prevalence of contraband, the MX908 not only ensures the safety of correctional facilities but also supports rehabilitation efforts, ultimately contributing to a more secure and controlled correctional environment.
[post_title] => Identifying a Synthetic Cannabinoid Imbedded in Paper
[post_excerpt] => Read our latest case study on how MX908 aids correctional staff to proactively identify drugs at nanogram levels via trace detection on difficult samples, such as drugs imbedded in paper.
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About Khat
Khat (also known as qat or chat) is a flowering shrub which is native to East Africa and the southwest Arabian Penninsula. The buds and plant leaves of khat are chewed to achieve a stimulant effect similar to amphetamine, although khat is less potent. Cathinone and cathine, the active drug components of khat, are released into the user’s saliva as it’s chewed.
Khat chewing has a long history dating back thousands of years as a social custom and for medical uses in its native regions. Although still legal in a few African and Middle East countries, khat (and/or its active components) has been designated as illegal throughout much of the world. In May of 2022, the U.S. Coast Guard seized 10,000 tons (estimated street value of $3.6 Million) of Khat disguised as tea from Kenya while a few months later, Saudi Arabia’s Border Guard seized 48.6 tons of khat and arrested 146 smugglers.
The Situation
At a major U.S. international airport, a shipment from Sierra Leone in western Africa was flagged for further inspection after an officer observed a plant like material in the shipment. This package was nearly identical to a 27 kg shipment that was delivered to its recipient previously because law enforcement had no way to confirm if the shipment was khat.
Khat leaves - this bitter plant is chewed as a stimulant in East Africa and the Arabian Peninsula.
Knowing the package originated from Africa, where khat is still legal in some countries, the officers took steps to confirm what the material was. The package was opened and the plant material inside was consistent with khat, a bundle of leaves and fresh shoots. Using both a Raman and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, the officers attempted to identify the material, but both technologies gave a “No Target Detected” result. This is not uncommon as these technologies are “bulk detectors” that excel at identifying visible amounts of drug material (typically more than 1 mg).
Suspicious of a possible drug shipment, officers ran the samples in the MX908 Drug Hunter Mission Mode which returned multiple alarms for cathinone, an active drug substance in khat.
MX908 Identifying Drugs When Other Technologies Fail
With no way to identify the suspected khat, responding law enforcement made a call to a nearby agency which had an MX908 and requested their assistance to identify the material. Using the MX908, the officers swabbed various parts of the plant material and packaging to obtain multiple samples. Suspicious of a possible drug shipment, officers ran the samples in the MX908 Drug Hunter Mission Mode which returned multiple alarms for cathinone, an active drug substance in khat. Officers quickly downloaded and sent the data from the scans to 908 Devices to conduct reachback analysis. Reachback analysis by 908 Devices’ forensic chemists supported the on-screen alarms after analyzing the sample and reference spectra. Forensic chemists from 908 Devices also noted that the high sample signal reported on the device was consistent with cathinone given the drugs lower required temperature for vaporization.
The Result
A previous 27 kg shipment of what was presumably khat was delivered to the recipient and likely ended up being sold on the streets. This time, the MX908 was able to provide a positive identification of cathinone, an active component in khat. This positive identification allowed law enforcement to seize the 62 kg shipment and continue their investigation. It also provided them with the confidence to continue to further screen these types of shipments knowing that the MX908 provided a reliable way to identify trace amounts of cathinone where other technologies failed.
About MX908
MX908 leverages high-pressure mass spectrometry to deliver dramatically enhanced sensitivity and broader threat category coverage. This down-range tool increases mission support with unmatched flexibility and trace detection power for first responders in priority drug, chemical, explosive and high-threat hazmat scenarios. MX908 lightens the overall technology burden by displacing other less selective technologies from the response toolkit
References
US Customs and Border Protection, CBP, US Coast Guard Seize more than 10 tons of khat, Department of Justice/DEA Drug Fact Sheet Khat Alcohol and Drug Foundation, What is Khat? European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Khat Drug Profile
MX908 was able to provide a positive identification of cathinone, an active component in khat. This positive identification allowed law enforcement to seize the 62 kg shipment and continue their investigation.
[post_title] => Identifying Smuggled Khat
[post_excerpt] => Suspicious of a possible drug shipment, officers ran the samples in the MX908 Drug Hunter Mission Mode which returned multiple alarms for cathinone, an active drug substance in khat.
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[ID] => 4799
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[post_date] => 2021-10-26 12:26:35
[post_date_gmt] => 2021-10-26 16:26:35
[post_content] =>
Aerosols are simply a solid or liquid that have been suspended in the air. They maintain the physical properties of a solid or liquid but behave more like a gas or vapor. Aerosolized chemicals can be extremely hazardous due to the inhalation hazard they pose. Highly toxic solids and liquids, such as fentanyl analogs and fourth generation chemical warfare agents (Novichoks), are particularly problematic due to their lethality, yet traditional gas detectors are unable to warn users of the threat. Depending on particle size, they may stay suspended in the air for minutes or hours. Opioids, such as fentanyl and carfentanyl, are low volatility anesthetics that result in rapid respiratory arrest when inhaled in aerosol form. Novichoks, such as A-232 which was deployed in Salisbury, England in March 2018 in an attempted assassination attempt, are low volatility nerve agents that can pose an even greater danger when aerosolized
The Situation
Canadian Decon Solutions, based out of Ontario, Canada, specializes in providing customers with economical and safe solutions for complex contamination issues. They have a history of managing high hazard projects for both the private and public sector including chemical, fuel and oil spills, dangerous goods transportation incidents, clandestine drug lab remediation, and catastrophic events.
During the summer of 2021 they received a call to provide decontamination services for a stolen vehicle. The suspect had stolen a small SUV, overdosed behind the wheel, and crashed the vehicle into a tree. While exiting the vehicle, the suspect had cut herself on broken glass and Chris Andrews, President of Canadian Decon Solutions, was contacted due to the biohazard present. The vehicle was towed to Canadian Decon Solutions’ facility to begin remediation of the vehicle.
Using Aero to Detect Airborne Threats
As part of their Standard Operating Procedures, a technician armed with the MX908®, took several swabs of high contact touchpoints within the vehicle. This included places like door handles, steering wheel, center console, glove compartment, and cabin air filters. While opening the glove compartment to access the cabin air filter, the technician observed a visible amount of white powder within the glove box. Suspecting there may be an airborne chemical threat within the vehicle, the technician carefully shut the glove compartment and backed away to reassess the situation. One month, prior, Canadian Decon solutions had purchased an Aero module for their MX908. The Aero gives their technicians the ability to simultaneously detect and identify vapors and aerosolized chemicals.
Unknown white powder discovered in the glove compartment.
The decision was made to survey the vehicle using the MX908 with Aero to determine if any aerosolized chemical threat was present. Armed with the Aero, the technician reapproached the vehicle, as the MX908 and Aero continuously sampled the ambient air. Carefully cracking open the glove compartment with the Aero nearby, resulted in an alarm for fentanyl. The technician now knew there was in fact, an aerosolized fentantyl threat present within the vehicle. Closing the glove box once again to contain the threat, the technician backed away from the vehicle to determine next steps.
As a company that specializes in the decontamination of hazardous material, the technician was well protected in PPE including a Tyvek suit, respirator, and gloves. Had this analysis been done at the scene of the crash, it would have provided first responders on scene with immediate actionable intelligence to dictate PPE response.
While the technician quite literally waited for the dust to settle, they analyzed the swabs that had been taken off the various high contact touchpoints within the vehicle. The MX908 alarmed for the following:
2 Cocaine Alarms
2 Fentanyl Alarms
1 Scopolamine Alarm
1 Sufentanil Alarm
“The MX908 handheld device has been an unparalleled technology for us. With the addition of the Aero module, it gives me the confidence to do our job and the ability to say with the utmost certainty that a vehicle or scene is clear from threats—both on surfaces and in the air.”
Chris Andrews, President Canadian Decon Solutions
The Result
With a thorough analysis of chemical threats present, both from the MX908 with Aero analysis as well as trace analysis from swabbed surfaces, Canadian Decon Solutions could confidently plan for the decontamination of the vehicle. Their primary method of decontaminating a vehicle like this is First Line Technology’s Electrostatic Decon Kit. This kit offers users the easiest, most efficient way to decontaminate threats using Dahlgren Decon applied from an electrostatic spray gun. After the remediation was complete, the MX908 Aero was again employed to confirm that there was no longer a presence of any aerosolized threats. Subsequent swab samples also returned no alarms and the technician could confidently say that there was no longer a chemical threat within the vehicle.
Given the success of the MX908 with Aero in this scenario, Canadian Decon Solutions has now incorporated usage of this device into their standard operating procedures as an initial survey tool as well as to confirm decontamination is complete. The MX908 has become their go-to tool for trace chemical identification to support their mission. According to Chris Andrews, President of Canadian Decon Solutions, his customers have become accustomed to the detailed reports generated by the MX908 which they submit in conjunction with a summary of the services provided.
The MX908 has become the go-to tool for trace chemical identification to support Canadian Decon Solutions‘ mission.
About MX908
MX908 leverages high-pressure mass spectrometry to deliver dramatically enhanced sensitivity and broader threat category coverage. This down-range tool increases mission support with unmatched flexibility and trace detection power for first responders in priority drug, chemical, explosive and high-threat hazmat scenarios. MX908 lightens the overall technology burden by displacing other less selective technologies from the response toolkit.
About the Aero
The Aero is the first comprehensive solution to detect and identify vapor and aerosol threats, such as Chemical Warfare Agents (CWAs) and Pharmaceutical Based Agents (PBAs), simultaneously. The MX908 with Aero can be deployed in diverse applications ranging from initial air monitoring when entering a building or a confined space, to venue protection employing continuous air monitoring, through high throughput mail screening and on-scene evidence packaging. This device continuously samples and analyzes vapors while collecting aerosol particulates on a mesh within the unit. This mesh is periodically flash heated, which vaporizes any aerosol particulates, and allows them to be analyzed. The Aero is one of three modules that allow the MX908 to analyze samples in any state—solids, liquids, vapor, and now aerosols.
MX908 user interface with Drug Hunter Aerosol Mode selected.
The Aero is the first comprehensive solution to detect and identify vapor and aerosol threats simultaneously.
The Aero attaches to the MX908 for an easy transition to vapor and aerosol analysis.
MX908 is the only field deployable device capable of sampling solids, liquids, vapors, and aerosols.
[post_title] => Aerosolized Fentanyl During Decontamination
[post_excerpt] => Download this case study on Canadian Decon Solutions' encounter with fentanyl and how MX908 with Aero provided real-time intel at the point of need.
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[post_name] => mx908-casestudy-aerosolized-fentanyl-during-decontamination
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[post_date] => 2018-01-10 16:26:08
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The opioid abuse crisis is rapidly spreading throughout communities across the United States and the rest of the world. In 2015 alone, opioids were involved in the death of 33,091 US citizens – a number that has quadrupled since 1991. In 2016, the Center for Disease Control (CDC) cited an additional increase of 28%, linking opioid abuse to more than 42,000 fatalities2. At 100 to 10,000 times the strength of morphine, fentanyl is typically used in small quantities and is often combined with other street drugs (such as heroine, cocaine and MDMA) or benign cutting agents to deliver the drug into a person’s system. Even trace amounts that are invisible by the human eye can cause an overdose.
This crisis has first responders on alert and has unleashed a call to action for technology manufacturers to develop powerful solutions to detect and identify trace quantities of this mighty drug. Here we outline a real-world scenario that demonstrates the detection capabilities of several go-to first responder tools.
The Situation
During an incident at a suburban residence, a local HazMat team seized a small sample of what appeared to be street fentanyl. After an independent laboratory verified the presence of fentanyl, we were asked to participate in a technology comparison. We evaluated the effectiveness of three portable techniques: Raman, FT-IR, and high pressure mass spectrometryTM (HPMS).
Analysis by Raman
Raman spectroscopy is a go-to tool because of its high selectivity and ability to differentiate between 10,000+ different compounds through sealed packaging. However, Raman is primarily used as a bulk technique. This means a visible amount of sample is required to make the measurement and it is rarely suitable for detecting trace level concentrations. Here, the Raman analysis failed as fluorescence interfered with the measurement and the estimated run time was upwards of 4 hours.
Analysis by FT-IR
Similar to Raman, FT-IR is more suitable for bulk material identification and is also highly selective. Here, FT-IR was only able to detect a carbohydrate, which serves as a cutting agent used to dilute highly toxic opioids. No fentanyl was detected using this technique, despite the fact that the FT-IR instrument was equipped with a library of fentanyl and its related analogues.
Analysis by HPMS
HPMS is a novel technology that powers the MX908. This analytical technique is both highly selective and sensitive, making it the technology of choice for a wide range of chemical threats. Here, a sample estimated to be in the low nanograms was measured on the MX908 using its Drug Hunter mode. The device was clearly able to identify fentanyl in the prescence of the cutting agent in less than 60 seconds.
MX908’s new Drug Hunter mode unlocks additional resolving power from the device’s existing hardware to dramatically upgrade selectivity, which first responders with optimal detection and identification capabilities for a subset of the devices target list, including a broad range of fentanyls, opioids, and amphetamines.
About MX908
MX908TM leverages high-pressure mass spectrometry to deliver dramatically enhanced sensitivity and broader threat category coverage. This down-range tool increases mission support the unmatched flexibility and trace detection power for responders in priority drug, chemical, explosive and high-threat hazmat scenarios. MX908 lightens the overall technology burden by displacing other less selective technologies from the response toolkit.
About Mission Modes
The MX908's Mission Modes are specialized hardware and software configurations for enhanced operational performance under specified mission objectives. Drug Hunter, which was used in this analysis, is a mission mode for the detection and identification of drugs and pharmaceutical-based agents (PBAs) including fentanyl and fentanyl-analogues, heroin, cocaine, and amphetamines. When Drug Hunter is selected, the MX908 hardware reconfigures to provide optimal efficiency and mass spectral selectivity using sequential fragmentation to selectively create and confirm the expected mass fragments of the drug targets of interest.
"The opiod abuse criss is rapidly spreading throughout communitites across the country. In 2015 alone, opiods were involved in the death of 33,091 US citizens - a number that has quadrupled since 1999."
The abuse of fentanyl and other opioids is a crisis within communities all across the country. Due to their potency, fentanyls can be present at very low levels and still pose a severe hazard to first responders and civilians alike.
As demonstrated in this case study, Raman and FTIR are not practical technologies for the detection of trace substances. While great for bulk material identification, they cannot detect minor mixture components below the 5-10% level.
Here, HPMS demonstrated the capability to positively identify a trace amount of fentanyl in less than 60 seconds. The sensitivity of MX908 enables the identification of fentanyl and its analogues down to 0.1%, even in a complex mixture.
MX908 Mission Modes enhance performance using specialized software configurations to optimize operational performance for mission objectives.
Drug Hunter: is a mission mode for the detection of drugs and pharmaceutical-based agents (PBAs) such as: fentanyl and fentanyl analogues, along with other high priority drugs-of-abuse.
Explosives Hunter: is a mission mode for the detection of priority threats from military and commercial grade explosives, to homemade energetics and relevant precursors.
CWA Hunter: is a mission mode for the detection of priority chemical warfare agents, including real time vapor quantification.
[post_title] => Analysis Comparison of Fentanyl
[post_excerpt] => Read how the sensitivity of MX908 enables the identification of fentanyl and its analogues down to 0.1%, even in a complex mixture.
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[post_date] => 2024-06-14 09:24:15
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Lithium-ion batteries are prevalent in our society and used in everything from electric vehicles to personal devices. Disposal of used batteries represents a challenge, as even old or partially charged devices present deflagration hazards if exposed to heat, puncture, or other forms of perturbation. A method for decommissioning Li-ion batteries is to immerse them in a brine solution, which ostensibly de-energizes the electrical cells such that the batteries can be transported and discarded safely. However, this process is not trivial for remediation personnel as it results in the liberation of numerous gases that are highly toxic and flammable. As such, having a means to detect and identify these gases and to determine when they are no longer present is crucial to the decommissioning process.
In a recent case study, an agency was contracted to decommission numerous types of batteries including Li-ion cells and other electrical components that had been damaged in a large- scale fire event. The agency planned to deploy the brine solution method but was also interested in testing its efficacy and learning what gaseous components may be generated. Batteries were soaked in 55-gallon drums and smaller containers, and gaseous samples were extracted from headspaces using Tedlar bags. Initial air monitoring of the headspaces yielded some interesting and unexpected results, which prompted the need for additional gas identification.
The agency’s approach was to use ThreatID™, a portable analyzer for identifying powders, liquids, gas, vapors, and complex mixtures based on Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) technology.
The remnants of an exploded li-ion battery. Source: PETER PEREIRA/The Standard-Times
The ThreatID can identify over 27,600 hazardous chemicals, including over 5,600 gases at low parts-per-million (ppm) levels, in less than 1 minute. A certified instructor was on-site for the endeavor to conduct the measurements and report results back to technical experts. From the headspace sampling, the ThreatID primarily identified methane and ammonia.
Reachback personnel confirmed the results and even identified some very minute components through detailed spectral data review. These additional materials included acetylene, formaldehyde, ethene, and even some unidentifiable substances. The ThreatID gas-phase results were confirmed on-site using colorimetric tubes which detected methane, ammonia, and formaldehyde.
Interestingly, the presence of ammonia and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was not expected based on initial supposition and readings from basic air monitors. Headspace analyses showed that even after the batteries were deemed “safe,” toxic and flammable materials continued to off-gas. The study proved that after a fire or other disastrous event when batteries are inactive, they may still pose significant hazards and must be properly monitored. By rapidly identifying the liberating gases and using secondary technologies to confirm them, the correct hazard associations can be made and greatly accelerate the time scale of future decommissioning projects.
This event was a success by demonstrating that the brine solution method must be further optimized to fully decommission Li-ion and other battery types to render them safe for transport and disposal. Without FTIR gas identification, the clean-up effort would have been plagued with uncertainties and require significantly more time to properly remediate the lurking potential hazards.
Reachback Spectral Interpretation for sample CNB018a, matching Methane.
[post_title] => A Conversation with Christina Baxter About Fentanyl
[post_excerpt] => Dr. Christina Baxter is the CEO of Emergency Response TIPS, LLC and a partner in Hazard3, LLC which provides practical, evidence-based solutions for emergency response.
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[post_title] => A Conversation with Christina Baxter About Aerosol Hazards
[post_excerpt] => Dr. Christina Baxter is the CEO of Emergency Response TIPS, LLC and a partner in Hazard3, LLC which provides practical, evidence-based solutions for emergency response.
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[post_title] => Conversations with Patrick Glynn, Christina Baxter, and Michael Gray
[post_excerpt] => A trio of industry experts shares their perspectives on the MX908.
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